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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Mary Mallon (1869-1938) was an Irish immigrant who was the first known healthy carrier of typhoid in the USA. She probably contracted a mild case of typhoid, although she may not have been aware of it, and was never cured. In this way, she became a carrier, and spread the disease.

Typhoid is an infection of the digestive system caused by a bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Among other symptoms, it causes weakness, high fever, a rash of red spots, chills, sweating, and in serious cases inflammation of the spleen and bones, delirium, and erosion of the intestinal wall leading to haemorrhage. It is transmitted through contaminated food or drinking water.

Mary was the cause of several outbreaks oftyphoid in the New York City area between 1900 and 1907. She worked as a cook in a number of different households, and on each occasion, members of the family or other servants developed typhoid. 22 people became ill, and one died. At the time, typhoid was a serious problem, especially in cities, and killed around 10% of sufferers.

In the summer of 1906, NewYork banker Charles Henry Warren hired Mary to be a cook for his family at their rented summer house. When six of the eleven members of the household became ill with typhoid, the owners of the house employed George Soper, a sanitary engineer with experience in typhoid outbreaks, to look for the source.

After some months of careful investigation into Mary's background and her previous jobs, George Soper was certain that she was the cause of the outbreak, and so he asked her for blood, urine, and stool samples. She did not believe him -in fact, she resisted violently and attacked him with a l arge fork. At that time, the idea that a person could spread a disease and still remain healthy was not widely known.

Mary resisted two other visits from health officials, shouting and swearing at them and running away. Mary was a strong-minded woman, but it must also have been very frightening for her to be confronted in this way. Eventually the NewYork City Health Department sent five police officers and an ambulance and forcibly took her to hospital.

The NewYork City health inspector carried out some tests and confirmed that Mary was a carrier. In 1910 she was transferred to an island near NewYork City, where she lived in isolation for three years. She was then released but told that s he should not work with food again. However, in 1915 she took a job as a cook in a hospital and infected 25 doctors, nurses, and other hospital staff - two of them died. Mary was then seized again and kept in quarantine for 23 years, living alone in a one-room cottage.

In December 1932, Mary suffered a massive stroke, which left her paralysed. She died in 1938 of pneumonia.

Today 'Typhoid Mary' is a term used to d escribe a carrier of a dangerous disease who refuses to take precautions or co-operate with the authorities.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 3:

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